Histories and popular culture of the Golden Age of Piracy offer tales of resistance to capitalism through multiracial democracy and sexual and gender liberty. Frann Michel discusses the books The Many Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic by Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker (2000), and Pirate Enlightenment, or the Real Libertalia, by David Graeber (2023) and and the streaming series Black Sails (2014-2017, Starz) and Our Flag Means Death (2022- , HBO).
Image By Unknown author - https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/international-crimes/anne-bonny/ Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=627860
text/transcript (scroll down for audio)
In Brecht & Weill's "Threepenny Opera" the song "Pirate Jenny" expresses a downtrodden woman worker's desire for revenge against her oppressors and for autonomy and adventure for herself. She imagines a pirate ship giving her the decision to destroy her enemies, and giving her the chance to depart with the pirates.
It's a fantasy, but it has some grounding in truth. There were, historically, women pirates in what's known as the Golden Age of Piracy--the late seventeenth and especially the early eighteenth century. Among the most famous were Anne Bonny and Mary Read, whom we know of because they had the bad luck to enter the historical record by getting caught.
The ... employment opportunities available to women in piracy is of a piece with other things we know about pirates in that early eighteenth-century era. As both scholarly sources and popular culture record, golden age pirates formed communities far more egalitarian and democratic than the wider society.
Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker note in their book The Many Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic, first published in 2000, that
"Women were few aboard ships of any kind in the eighteenth century, but they were numerous enough to inspire ballads about cross-dressing female warriors that became popular among the workers of the Atlantic. Bonny and Read, whose exploits were announced on the cover page of A General History of the Pyrates and no doubt in many another yarn of their own day and after, cursed and swore like sailors, carried their weapons like those well trained in the ways of war, and boarded prize vessels as only the most daring and respected members of pirate crews were permitted to do. Operating beyond the reach of the traditional powers of family, state, and capital, and sharing in the rough solidarity of life among maritime outlaws, they added another dimension altogether to the subversive appeal of piracy by seizing the liberties usually reserved for men, at a time when the sphere of social action for women was narrowing."
Linebaugh and Rediker's book focuses on the multicultural proletarian resistance to the massive organization and exploitation of human labor that enabled the rise of capitalism, and they highlight the congruence among the plantation, the factory, and the ships both mercantile and military that linked the transatlantic economy.
Writing history "from below," they note, they "recover some of the lost history of the multiethnic class that was essential to the rise of capitalism and the modern, global economy. The historic invisibility of many of the book’s subjects owes much to the repression originally visited upon them: the violence of the stake, the chopping block, the gallows, and the shackles of a ship’s dark hold."
Ships brought together workers from around the world. In Europe, "the enclosure of land and the removal of thousands of people from the commons," the common land that had previously been the source of shared resources and survival, meant that people were displaced and "redeployed to the country, town, and sea. Expropriation was the source of the original accumulation of capital, and the force that transformed land and labor into commodities." Those sailors, often conscripted, press-ganged, or kidnapped into their new roles, suffered brutal, top-down control. But they also encountered each other, and thus began to develop a common language and a common culture of resistance and rebellion.
As David Graeber notes in his postumously published book Pirate Enlightenment, or the Real Libertalia, which came out this year, these rebellious and globally multicultural environments became "perfect laboratories of democratic experiment." While Graeber's focus is on pirate communities in Madagascar, he places these in context of the enlightenment ideas and pirate legends of the era, as part of a project of "decolonizing the Enlightenment." Suggesting that the popularity of "pirate legends" marks them as themselves "a material force in history," he calls them "the most important form of poetic expression produced by the emerging North Atlantic proletariat, whose exploitation laid the ground for the industrial revolution."
Unlike the lawful ships they escaped from or took over, pirate ships were noted for democracy--electing their captains, collectively agreeing on their codes of conduct, offering every sailor a say in major decisions, and providing a system of checks and balances in operation. As Graeber points out, the phenomenon of "pirate amity" was real: although they were "constantly armed and frequently drunk" they "virtually never came to blows with one another."
This amicable democratic governance extended to their economies, since both rations and booty were usually divided fairly equally; even if the captain and officers got twice or one-and-a-half times the share of loot that a common sailor got, that difference was far less than in legal military or mercantile ships--or, certainly, in modern corporations. They also offered workers' compensation. The common image of pirates with eye patches, wooden legs, or hooks for hands reflected some of the physical dangers of sailing, but those injured were generally given a larger share of any prizes.
The popular tales of pirates that resonate most for me today are not those in boys' books or Disney rides, but two televisual series that offer especially egalitarian, anti-imperialist, and queer tales: Black Sails, which streamed on STARZ from 2014-2017, and Our Flag Means Death, which will be releasing a second season on HBO sometime this year.
As in historical accounts, the casts are multiracial and multigender. Graeber notes that a pirate ship might include "Englishmen, Swedes, escaped African slaves, Carribean Creoles, Native Americans, and Arabs," and both series reflect this diversity in the crews we see. These pirate tales also include women, as I began by noting, and they also include queer people.
Evidence sugests that Anne Bonny and Mary Read were lovers, and that sexual relationships between men were common on pirate ships, even sanctioned by the relation of matelotage. Our Flag Means Death also includes a nonbinary character played by a nonbinary actor.
Both series also offer forms of class critique from below. Black Sails is more serious, violent, and explicitly anti-imperialist, while Our Flag Means Death is much lighter and funnier, more... gay.
These shows do include, between them, most of the romantic cliches of the genre that are omitted from the Under the Banner of King Death: Pirates of the Atlantic, a Graphic Novel, out this year from Marcus Rediker and David Lester with Paul Buhle. That book offers no "hunts for buried treasure, no ghost ships, no wronged aristocrats driven to sea, and no pirates in love with the governor’s beautiful daughter."
But all of these texts still speak to "why we need pirates," "as long as there are powerful people to be resisted and causes of social justice to be fought for."
- KBOO